Ａ 安全网 safety net 按可比口径 on comparable basis 按轻重缓急 to prioritize 暗补 implicit subsidy 暗亏 hidden loss
Ｂ 颁发营业执照 to license; to grant a licence to 办理存款业务 to take deposits 保护农民的生产积极性 to protect farmers’ incentive to produce 备付金（超额准备金） excess reserves 本外币并账 consolidation of domestic and foreign currency accounts 本外币对冲操作 sterilization operation 本位利益 localized interest; departmentalism 奔小康 to strive to prosper; to strive to become well-to-do 避税（请见“逃税”） tax avoidance 币种搭配不当 currency mismatch 币种构成 currency composition 变相社会集资 disguised irregular (or illegal) fund raising 表外科目（业务） off-balance-sheet items (operation) 薄弱环节 weaknesses; loopholes 不变成本 fixed cost 不变价 at constant price; in real terms 不动产 real estate 不良贷款（资产） problem loans; non-performing loans (assets)
Ｃ 财务公司 finance companies 财政赤字 fiscal deficit 财政挤银行 fiscal pressure on the central bank (over monetary policy) 财政政策与货币政策的配合 coordination of fiscal and monetary policies 采取循序渐进的方法 in a phased and sequenced manner 操作弹性 operational flexibility 操纵汇率 to manipulate exchange rate 产品构成 product composition; product mix 产品积压 stock pile; excessive inventory 产销率 current period inventory; (即期库存，不含前期库存) sales/output ratio 产销衔接 marketability 产业政策 industrial policy 长期国债 treasury bonds 敞口头寸 open position 炒股 to speculate in the stock market 承购包销 underwrite (securities) 成套机电产品 complete sets of equipment; complete plant (s) 城市信用社 urban credit cooperatives (UCCs) 城市合作银行 urban cooperative banks; municipal united banks 城市商业银行 municipal commercial banks 城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅 real growth in household income 持续升温 persistent overheating 重复布点 duplicate projects 重置成本 replacement cost 重组计划 restructuring plan 筹资渠道 funding sources; financing channels 初见成效 initial success
出口统一管理、归口经营 canalization of exports 出口退税 export tax rebate 储蓄存款 household deposits
(不完全等同于西方的 savings deposits, 前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。) 储蓄分流 diversion of household deposits 储源萎缩 decline in the availability of household savings 传导机制 transmission mechanism 从价税 ad valorem tax 从紧控制 tight control 存贷款比例 loan/deposit ratio 存款保险体系 deposit insurance system 存款货币银行 deposit money banks 存款准备金 required reserves
Ｄ 打白条 issue IOU 大额存单 certificate of deposit (CD) 大额提现 withdraw deposits in large amounts 大面积滑坡 wide-spread decline 大一统的银行体制 (all-in-one) mono-bank system 呆账（请见“坏账”） bad loans 呆账准备金 loan loss reserves (provisions) 呆滞贷款 idle loans 贷款沉淀 non-performing loans 贷款分类 loan classification 贷款限额管理 credit control; to impose credit ceiling 贷款约束机制 credit disciplinary (constraint) mechanism 代理国库 to act as fiscal agent
代理金融机构贷款 make loans on behalf of other institutions 戴帽贷款 ear-marked loans 倒逼机制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition 道德风险 moral hazard 地区差别 regional disparity 第一产业 the primary industry 第二产业 the secondary industry 第三产业 the service industry; the tertiary industry 递延资产 deferrable assets 订货不足 insufficient orders 定期存款 time deposits 定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources 东道国（请见“母国”） host country 独立核算 independent accounting 短期国债 treasury bills 对冲操作 sterilization operation; hedging 对非金融部门债权 claims on non-financial sector 多种所有制形式 diversified ownership
Ｅ 恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation 二级市场 secondary market
Ｆ 发行货币 to issue currency 发行总股本 total stock issue 法定准备金 required reserves; reserve requirement 法人股 institutional shares 法人股东 institutional shareholders 法治 rule of law 房地产投资 real estate investment 放松银根 to ease monetary policy 非现场稽核 off-site surveillance (or monitoring) 非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions 非赢利性机构 non-profit organizations 分税制 assignment of central and local taxes; tax assignment system 分业经营 segregation of financial business (services); division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions 风险暴露（风险敞口） risk exposure 风险管理 risk management 风险意识 risk awareness 风险资本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios 风险资本标准 risk-based capital standard 服务事业收入 public service charges; user’s charges 扶贫 poverty alleviation 负增长 negative growth 复式预算制 double-entry budgeting; capital and current budgetary account
Ｇ 改革试点 reform experimentation 杠杆率 leverage ratio 杠杆收购 leveraged buyout 高息集资 to raise funds by offering high interest 个人股 non-institutional shares 根本扭转 fundamental turnaround (or reversal) 公开市场操作 open market operations 公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts 公用事业 public utilities 公有经济 the state-owned sector; the public sector 公有制 public ownership 工业成本利润率 profit-to-cost ratio 工业增加值 industrial value added 供大于求 supply exceeding demand; excessive supply 鼓励措施 incentives 股份合作企业 joint-equity cooperative enterprises 股份制企业 joint-equity enterprises 股份制银行 joint-equity banks 固定资产贷款 fixed asset loans 关税减免 tariff reduction and exemption 关税减让 tariff concessions 关税优惠 tariff incentives; preferential tariff treatment 规范行为 to regularize (or standardize)…behavior 规模效益 economies of scale 国计民生 national interest and people’s livelihood 国家对个人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals 国家风险 country risk 国际分工 international division of labor 国际收支 balance of payments 国有独资商业银行 wholly state-owned commercial banks 国有经济（部门） the state-owned (or public) sector
国有企业 state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 国有制 state-ownership 国有资产流失 erosion of state assets 国债回购 government securities repurchase 国债一级自营商 primary underwriters of government securities 过度竞争 excessive competition 过度膨胀 excessive expansion 过热迹象 signs of overheating
Ｈ 合理预期 rational expectation 核心资本 core capital 合资企业 joint-venture enterprises 红利 dividend 宏观经济运营良好 sound macroeconomic performance 宏观经济基本状况 macroeconomic fundamentals 宏观调控 macroeconomic management (or adjustment) 宏观调控目标 macroeconomic objectives (or targets) 坏账 bad debt 还本付息 debt service 换汇成本 unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings 汇兑在途 funds in float 汇兑支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary’s bank 汇率并轨 unification of exchange rates 活期存款 demand deposits 汇率失调 exchange rate misalignment 混合所有制 diversified (mixed) ownership 货币政策态势 monetary policy stance 货款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers
Ｊ 基本建设投资 investment in infrastructure 基本经济要素 economic fundamentals 基本适度 broadly appropriate 基准利率 benchmark interest rate 机关团体存款 deposits of non-profit institutions 机会成本 opportunity cost 激励机制 incentive mechanism 积压严重 heavy stockpile; excessive inventory 挤提存款 run on banks 挤占挪用 unwarranted diversion of (financial) resources (from designated uses) 技改投资 investment in technological upgrading 技术密集型产品 technology-intensive product 计划单列市 municipalities with independent planning status 计划经济 planned economy 集体经济 the collective sector 加大结构调整力度 to intensify structural adjustment 加工贸易 processing trade 加快态势 accelerating trend 加强税收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration 加权价 weighted average price 价格放开 price liberalization 价格形成机制 pricing mechanism 减亏 to reduce losses 简化手续 to cut red tape; to simplify (streamline) procedures 交投活跃 brisk trading 缴存准备金 to deposit required reserves 结构扭曲 structural distortion 结构失调 structural imbalance 结构性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance
结构优化 structural improvement (optimization) 结汇、售汇 sale and purchase of foreign exchange 金融脆弱 financial fragility 金融动荡 financial turbulence 金融风波 financial disturbance 金融恐慌 financial panic 金融危机 financial crisis 金融压抑 financial repression 金融衍生物 financial derivatives 金融诈骗 financial fraud 紧缩银根 to tighten monetary policy 紧缩政策 austerity policies; tight financial policies 经常账户可兑换 current account convertibility 经济特区 special economic zones (SEZs) 经济体制改革 economic reform 经济增长方式的转变 change in the main source of economic growth (from investment expansion to efficiency gains) 经济增长减速 economic slowdown; moderation in economic growth 经济制裁 economic sanction 经营自主权 autonomy in management 景气回升 recovery in business activity 境外投资 overseas investment 竞争加剧 intensifying competition 局部性金融风波 localized (isolated) financial disturbance
Ｋ 开办人民币业务 to engage in RMB business 可维持（可持续）经济增长 sustainable economic growth 可变成本 variable cost 可自由兑换货币 freely convertible currency 控制现金投放 control currency issuance 扣除物价因素 in real terms; on inflation-adjusted basis 库存产品 inventory 跨国银行业务 cross-border banking 跨年度采购 cross-year procurement 会计准则 accounting standard
Ｌ 来料加工 processing of imported materials for export 离岸银行业务 off-shore banking (business) 理顺外贸体制 to rationalize foreign trade regime 利率杠杆的调节作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation 利润驱动 profit-driven 利息回收率 interest collection ratio 联行清算 inter-bank settlement 连锁企业 franchise (businesses); chain businesses 良性循环 virtuous cycle 两极分化 growing income disparity; polarization in income distribution 零售物价指数 retail price index (RPI)
流动性比例 liquidity ratio 流动资产周转率／流通速度 velocity of liquid assets 流动资金贷款 working capital loans 流通体制 distribution system 流通网络 distribution network 留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物） hire purchase 垄断行业 monopolized industry (sector) 乱集资 irregular (illegal) fund raising 乱收费 irregular (illegal) charges 乱摊派 unjustified (arbitrary) levies
Ｍ 买方市场 buyer’s market 卖方市场 seller’s market 卖出回购证券 matched sale of repo 贸易差额 trade balance 民间信用 non-institutionalized credit 免二减三 exemption of income tax for the first two years of making profit and 50% tax reduction for the following three years 明补 explicit subsidy 明亏 explicit loss 名牌产品 brand products 母国（请见“东道国”） home country
Ｎ 内部控制 internal control 内部审计 internal audit 内地与香港 the mainland and Hong Kong 内债 domestic debt 扭亏为盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one 扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources 农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement 农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives (RCCs)
Ｐ 泡沫效应 bubble effect 泡沫经济 bubble economy 培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth 片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth 平衡发展 balanced development 瓶颈制约 bottleneck (constraints) 平稳回升 steady recovery 铺底流动资金 initial (start-up) working capital 普遍回升 broad-based recovery 配套改革 concomitant (supporting) reforms 配套人民币资金 local currency funding of…
Ｑ 企业办社会 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities 企业集团战略 corporate group strategy 企业兼并重组 company merger and restructuring 企业领导班子 enterprise management 企业所得税 enterprise (corporate) income tax 企业效益 corporate profitability 企业资金违规流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market 欠税 tax arrears 欠息 overdue interest 强化税收征管 to strengthen tax administration 强制措施 enforcement action 翘尾因素 carryover effect 切一刀 partial application 清理收回贷款 clean up and recover loans （破产）清算 liquidation 倾斜政策 preferential policy 区别对待 differential treatment 趋势加强 intensifying trend 全球化 globalization 权益回报率 returns on equity (ROE) 缺乏后劲 unsustainable momentum
Ｒ 绕规模贷款 to circumvent credit ceiling 人均国内生产总值 per capita GDP 人均收入 per capita income 人民币升值压力 upward pressure on the Renminbi (exchange rate) 认缴资本 subscribed capital 软贷款 soft loans 软预算约束 soft budget constraint 软着陆 soft landing Ｓ 三角债 chain debts; inter-enterprise arrears 善政廉政 good governance 商业贷款 commercial loans 上市公司 (publicly) listed corporations 设备利用 capacity utilization 社会保障 social safety net; social security (insurance) 深层次矛盾 deep-rooted structural imbalance 审批金融机构 to license financial institutions 审慎监管 prudential supervision 生产能力闲置 unutilized capacity 生息资产 interest-bearing assets
实际利用外资 disbursement of foreign capital; actual inflow of foreign investment 实际有效汇率 real effective exchange rate 实时 real time 实收资本 paid-in capital 实现利润 realized profit 市场分割 market segmentation 市场经济 market economy 市场占有率（市场份额） market share 市场准入 market access (指商品和劳务的进入); market entry (指机构的审批) 市价总值 market capitalization 适度从紧 appropriately tight 适时调节 timely adjustment 收回对金融机构贷款 to recall central bank loans (to financial institutions) 税后还贷 amortization (repayment of loans) after tax 税收流失 tax erosion 税源不足 weak tax base 私营经济（私人经济） the private sector 私有制 private ownership 所有者权益 owner’s equity
Ｔ 逃税（请见“避税”） tax evasion 套汇 （１）指合法：currency swap; arbitrage（２）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange 剔除季节性因素 seasonally adjusted 调节流动性 to influence liquidity level 贴现窗口 discount window 同比 on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year 同业拆借（放） inter-bank borrowing (lending) 同业拆借市场利率（中国） CHIBOR (China inter-bank offered rate) 同业融通票据 inter-bank financing bills 同业往来 inter-bank transactions 透支 overdraft 退税 tax refund (rebate) 头寸 position 吞吐基础货币 adjustment of monetary base 脱媒现象 disintermediation
Ｗ 外部审计 external audit 外国直接投资 foreign direct investment (FDI) 外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves 外汇调剂 foreign exchange swap 外汇占款 the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings 外向型经济 export-oriented economy 外债 external debt 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprises 完善现代企业制度 to improve the modern enterprise system 完税凭证 tax payment documentation 违法经营 illegal business 委托存款 entrusted deposits 稳步增长 steady growth 稳健的银行系统 a sound banking system 稳中求进 to make progress while ensuring stability 无纸交易 book-entry (or paperless/scriptless) transaction 物价监测 price monitoring
Ｘ 吸纳流动性 to absorb liquidity 稀缺经济 scarcity economy 洗钱 money laundering 系统内调度 fund allocation within a bank 系统性金融危机 systemic financial crisis 下岗工人 laid-off employees 下游企业 down-stream enterprises 现场稽核 on-site examination 现金滞留（居民手中） cash held outside the banking system 乡镇企业 township and village enterprises (TVEs) 消费物价指数 consumer price index (CPI) 消费税 excise (consumption) tax 消灭财政赤字 to balance the budget; to eliminate fiscal deficit 销货款回笼 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system 销售平淡 lackluster sales 协议外资金额 committed amount of foreign investment 新经济增长点 new sources of economic growth 新开工项目 new projects; newly started projects 新增贷款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion 新增就业位置 new jobs; new job opportunities 信贷规模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings 信号失真 distorted signals 信托投资公司 trust and investment companies 信息不对称 information asymmetry 信息反馈 feedback (information) 信息共享系统 information sharing system 信息披露 information disclosure 信用扩张 credir expansion 信用评级 credit rating 姓“资”还是姓“社” pertaining to socialism or capitalism; socialist or captialist 行政措施 administrative measures 需求膨胀 demand expansion; excessive demand 虚伪存款 window-dressing deposits 削减冗员 to shed excess labor force 寻租 rent seeking 迅速反弹 quick rebound
Ｙ 养老基金 pension fund 一刀切 universal application; non-discretionary implementation 一级市场 primary market 应收未收利息 overdue interest 银行网点 banking outlets 赢利能力 profitability 营业税 business tax 硬贷款（商业贷款） commercial loans 用地审批 to grant land use right 有管理的浮动汇率 managed floating exchange rate 证券投资 portfolio investment 游资（热钱） hot money 有市场的产品 marketable products 有效供给 effective supply 诱发新一轮经济扩张 trigger a new round of economic expansion 逾期贷款 overdue loans; past-due loans 与国际惯例接轨 to become compatible with internationally accepted practices 与国际市场接轨 to integrate with the world market 预算外支出（收入） off-budget (extra-budgetary) expenditure (revenue) 预调 pre-emptive adjustment 月环比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Ｚ 再贷款 central bank lending 在国际金融机构储备头寸 reserve position in international financial institutions 在人行存款 deposits at (with) the central bank 在途资金 fund in float 增加农业投入 to increase investment in agriculture 增势减缓 deceleration of growth; moderation of growth momentum 增收节支措施 revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures 增长平稳 steady growth 增值税 value-added tax (VAT) 涨幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate; excessive growth 账外账 concealed accounts 折旧 depreciation 整顿 retrenchment; consolidation 政策工具 policy instrument 政策性业务 policy-related operations 政策性银行 policy banks 政策组合 policy mix 政府干预 government intervention 证券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions 证券业务占款 funding of securities purchase 支付困难 payment difficulty 支付能力 payment capacity
直接调控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments 间接调控方式转变 职能转换 transformation of functions 职业道德 professional ethics 指令性措施 mandatory measures 指令性计划 mandatory plan; administered plan 制定和实施货币政策 to conduct monetary policy; to formulate and implement monetary policy 滞后影响 lagged effect 中介机构 intermediaries 中央与地方财政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities 分灶吃饭重点建设 key construction projects; key investment project 周期谷底 bottom (trough) of business cycle 周转速度 velocity 主办银行 main bank 主权风险 sovereign risk 注册资本 registered capital 逐步到位 to phase in; phased implementation 逐步取消 to phase out 抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small (to maintain close oversight on the large state-owned enterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition) 专款专用 use of funds as ear-marked 转贷 on-lending 转轨经济 transition economy 转机 turnaround 转折关头 turning point 准财政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币 quasi-money 资本不足 under-capitalized 资本充足率 capital adequacy ratio 资本利润率 return on capital 资本账户可兑换 capital account convertibility 资不抵债 insolvent; insolvency 资产负债表 balance sheet 资产负债率 liability/asset ratio; ratio of liabilities to assets 资产集中 asset concentration 资产贡献率 asset contribution factor 资产利润率 return on assets (ROA) 资产质量 asset quality 资产组合 asset portfolio 资金成本 cost of funding; cost of capital; financing cost 资金到位 fully funded (project) 资金宽裕 to have sufficient funds 资金利用率 fund utilization rate 资金缺口 financing gap 资金体外循环 financial disintermediation 资金占压 funds tied up 自筹投资项目 self-financed projects 自有资金 equity fund 综合国力 overall national strength (often measured by GDP) 综合效益指标 overall efficiency indicator 综合治理 comprehensive adjustment (retrenchment); over-haul 总成交额 total contract value 总交易量 total amount of transactions 总成本 total cost 最后贷款人 lender of last resort
经济金融术语汉英对照表
